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This meant a fairly spare, spacious page with margins largely free of writing on the text pages; a general preference for single-column layouts for smaller books and two-column layouts for large, luxury Bible manuscripts. Thus, great bibles and gospel books were copied in formal majuscule or semi-majuscule scripts (Uncial and Half-Uncial).

We can deduce from later developments in Irish script and from what we know of book production and learned culture in the sub-Roman world of the fifth and sixth centuries that the Irish encountered both Christian books in Half-Uncial script, probably from the Continent, and Later Roman Cursive together with an ancient system of abbreviations, most likely directly from sub-Roman Britain. This one, the St. Cuthbert Gospel, was written at the end of the 7th century, probably in Wearmouth-Jarrow, the Roman-oriented center on the northeastern coast of England:All the guidelines for identifying and dating Uncials that we studied in the unit on Christian Late Antiquity apply to Uncial manuscripts created in England. 8.1 Fundamentals of majuscules Irish and Anglo-Saxon readers, on the other hand, needed all the help they could get with Latin, a completely foreign language. The term “Insular” is sometimes restricted to the period before the Viking attacks that began in the late eighth century, when Ireland and Anglo-Saxon England developed a shared monastic and artistic culture.

210, there are big spaces between sentences but no spaces at all between words.

In the single-column Irish book, St. Gallen Cod. These Roman-influenced centers produced high-grade Uncial manuscripts in the Italian style in the 7th and early 8th centuries, while using Insular minuscule as inherited from Ireland for more ordinary books.Broadly speaking, we can distinguish three types of scripts used in early medieval Ireland and England:a distinctive, high-grade form of Half-Uncial with some characteristics of Uncial, which was used in Ireland and in centers of Irish cultural influence in EnglandUncials written in England in the 7th and 8th centuries in imitation of Italian booksa minuscule script with many of the letterforms of Half-Uncial and some distinctive letterforms and abbreviations not used elsewhere.Latin writing in the early medieval British Isles shows the effects of the fact that both the Irish and the Anglo-Saxons learned Latin from books, as an entirely foreign language. 12.5 Album Page Project 6.3 Minuscules — l, b, h, k, f

Le premier mot de la phrase commence toujours par une majuscule ainsi que les noms propres (ex : Astérix, Paris, la France...). 3.3 Connective Hairline #1 These features of late-antique Uncial manuscripts were imitated both in Uncial manuscripts made in Romanizing centers in Anglo-Saxon England, and in Irish and Irish-influenced centers that used Insular Half-Uncial.Compare the layout of the Lindisfarne Gospels with one of the Italian Uncial manuscripts of a century earlier that we looked at in the last lesson:Compare, too, the single-column layout in a mid-8th-century Irish Gospel book with a 6th-century Italian manuscript of Augustine:The Insular scribes have taken over the late-antique tools to aid legibility.

10.1 Majuscules — S, L, G From these sources, the Irish developed a distinctive, high-grade form of Half-Uncial, as well as a minuscule bookhand that shows Half-Uncial as well as Later Roman Cursive influences. 5.3 Minuscules — o, c, e, a, s These include most notably the round Uncial forms Details from the Lindisfarne Gospels illustrate these forms:This line from the Lindisfarne Gospels shows the Insular These details also show clearly how the predominantly Half-Uncial letterforms have been treated as a majuscule script, in which the letters are overwhelmingly the same height as each other, contained between two imaginary lines.Centers in Anglo-Saxon England that received Christian book culture directly from Rome, rather than filtered through Irish missionaries, imitated the high-grade Christian books in Uncials that the Roman missionaries brought with them. 6.4 The Congruence Transformation Theory 3.4 Connective Hairline #2 1.6 Principal Shade #1 At the same time, certain ecclesiastical centers in England had particularly close ties with Rome and imitated Roman Uncial books.

In England from the end of the tenth century, Insular minuscule comes to be restricted to the vernacular only. 1.5 The Essential Qualities Theory 7.5 Words — Minuscule Group #3 It exemplifies the early Irish version of Insular minuscule.The alphabet is recognizably a descendant of late-antique Half-Uncial and shares the typical Insular letterforms we saw in Insular Half-Uncial.

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